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		<title>PAG-IPG : Blog</title>
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		<description>Peuples autochtones et gouvernance : Centre de recherche en droit public de l'Universite de Montreal</description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2009 00:00:00 -0500</pubDate>
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			<title>L’espace « public »</title>
			<link>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue12_l_espace_l_public_r.html</link>
			<comments>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue12_l_espace_l_public_r.html#comments</comments>
			<pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2009 00:00:00 -0500</pubDate>
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			<category>Students</category>
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			<description>Une expérience récente, en tant que bénévole d’une organisation non gouvernementale d’envergure internationale, m’a amené à me questionner sur ce qu’était l’espace public, qui l’occupait et à quelles activités il était prioritairement consacré. 
 
Un dimanche après midi, avec une autre personne bénévole, nous tentions de susciter l’échange à propos de la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones et sur l’absence de signature de ce texte par le Canada, auprès des passants (ou consommateurs et/ou citoyens) de l’un des grands marchés de Montréal. Après une bonne heure d’échanges parfois fructueux, le gérant de cet endroit qui nous semblait public, nous a gentiment demandé de partir. Certains commerçants étaient venus se plaindre, le marché n’étant pas, semble-t-il et selon eux, un lieu de débat ni même un lieu de réflexion ou d’échange, d’autant moins, lorsque ceux-ci avaient trait à la question autochtone.
 
La triste conclusion que j’ai tiré de cette expérience, et que des artistes et intellectuels déplorent aussi, est que l’espace public est de moins en moins dédié à la parole et à l’échange de points de vue. Il n’est plus un espace de débat. Il n’est plus non plus librement accessible, puisque réglementé. Il n’appartient plus directement au citoyen, tel que l’image de la Cité grecque nous l’enseigne. Il l’est d’autant moins lorsqu’il s’agit d’échanger sur la question autochtone. On peut donc se demander aujourd’hui pour quelle raison cet espace est encore qualifié de « public ». Celui-ci est de mieux en mieux adapté à la circulation, à la consommation, au commerce et au passage d’individus qui se croisent mais ne se considèrent et n’interagissent plus en public et dans l’espace public.
 
Sommes-nous en train de perdre notre statut de citoyen et les qualités qui y sont intrinsèques, telles que la capacité à échanger, à se positionner et à tolérer des avis divergents ? Ou, assistons-nous à l’émergence d’une nouvelle citoyenneté ? Si c’est le cas, quels sont les nouveaux lieux de débat ? </description>
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				<![CDATA[ <p><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=FR>Une expérience récente, en tant que bénévole d’une organisation non gouvernementale d’envergure internationale, m’a amené à me questionner sur ce qu’était l’espace public, qui l’occupait et à quelles activités il était prioritairement consacré. </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=FR><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=FR>Un dimanche après midi, avec une autre personne bénévole, nous tentions de susciter l’échange à propos de la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones et sur l’absence de signature de ce texte par le Canada, auprès des passants (ou consommateurs et/ou citoyens) de l’un des grands marchés de Montréal. Après une bonne heure d’échanges parfois fructueux, le gérant de cet endroit qui nous semblait public, nous a gentiment demandé de partir. Certains commerçants étaient venus se plaindre, le marché n’étant pas, semble-t-il et selon eux, un lieu de débat ni même un lieu de réflexion ou d’échange, d’autant moins, lorsque ceux-ci avaient trait à la question autochtone.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=FR><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=FR>La triste conclusion que j’ai tiré de cette expérience, et que des artistes et intellectuels déplorent aussi, est que l’espace public est de moins en moins dédié à la parole et à l’échange de points de vue. Il n’est plus un espace de débat. Il n’est plus non plus librement accessible, puisque réglementé. Il n’appartient plus directement au citoyen, tel que l’image de la Cité grecque nous l’enseigne. Il l’est d’autant moins lorsqu’il s’agit d’échanger sur la question autochtone. On peut donc se demander aujourd’hui pour quelle raison cet espace est encore qualifié de « public ». Celui-ci est de mieux en mieux adapté à la circulation, à la consommation, au commerce et au passage d’individus qui se croisent mais ne se considèrent et n’interagissent plus en public et dans l’espace public.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=FR><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=FR>Sommes-nous en train de perdre notre statut de citoyen et les qualités qui y sont intrinsèques, telles que la capacité à échanger, à se positionner et à tolérer des avis divergents ? Ou, assistons-nous à l’émergence d’une nouvelle citoyenneté ? Si c’est le cas, quels sont les nouveaux lieux de débat ? </SPAN></P></p> ]]>
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			<title>À propos du Plan Nord</title>
			<link>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue11_a_propos_du_plan_nord.html</link>
			<comments>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue11_a_propos_du_plan_nord.html#comments</comments>
			<pubDate>Fri, 19 Dec 2008 00:00:00 -0500</pubDate>
			<dc:creator></dc:creator>
			<category>Students</category>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue11_a_propos_du_plan_nord.html</guid>
			<description>Au Québec, nous nous targuons parfois d’entretenir de meilleures relations avec les nations autochtones que les autres provinces du Canada, ou que d’autres pays tels que l’Australie ou les États-Unis. Ce n’est pas sans raisons, puisqu’effectivement, des ententes telles que la CBJNQ (Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord québécois, qui n’a été vraiment respectée seulement qu’après la Paix des Braves de 2001), ou les ententes de principe conclues avec quatre communautés innus peuvent être qualifiées de progressistes en comparaison avec ce qui peut se faire ailleurs. Le premier ministre Jean Charest entend-il continuer sur cette voie avec le Plan Nord?
Comme je l’avais déjà souligné au mois d’octobre, on peut fortement en douter. Déjà, le Plan Nord a été présenté dans la campagne électorale comme une promesse faisant partie du programme libéral, malgré qu’aucune entente concernant le Plan Nord comme tel n’ait été conclue avec les représentants des Premières Nations. L’APNQL envisage une déclaration unilatérale de souveraineté sur ces territoires afin de forcer le gouvernement à négocier. Évidemment, publiciser le Plan Nord avant de négocier avec les Premières Nations semble mettre une pression indue sur le processus. Ça me rappelle les agents du gouvernement fédéral qui mettaient sous pression les « chefs » (souvent nommés sur place par l’agent lui-même qui ne voulait pas perdre son temps à chercher le véritable chef) qu’ils rencontraient sur le chemin des traités numérotés en leur affirmant que peu importe qu’ils signent ou non, des colons envahiraient leur territoire de toute façon. D’ailleurs, en parlant de chefs nommés par les agents fédéraux, Charest se défend également d’être en mauvais termes avec les Premières Nations en invoquant deux maires de communautés qui supportent son projet. Alors qui représente les Premières Nations au Québec, particulièrement celles du Nord? Des maires de communautés, ou l’APNQL? Si l’on veut négocier de nation à nation, ne doit-on pas respecter les instances représentatives que se donne l’autre partie? On pourrait presque avoir l’impression que Charest veut passer son plan, et que ceux qui sont sur son chemin n’ont qu’à coopérer, dans un esprit de fraternité et une perspective de développement durable, et d’amitié entre les peuples et bla, bla, bla, et etc.
On pourrait presque avoir cette impression… Or, surprise! Qui est nommé ministre responsable des Affaires autochtones? Pierre Corbeil, ancien ministre des Ressources naturelles, qui, après sa défaite électorale de mars 2007, a travaillé comme conseiller stratégique pour la compagnie minière Canadian Royalties, entreprise qui « mène le plus important projet minier des dernières années au Québec, d'une valeur d'un demi-milliard, soit une mine de nickel à Raglan-Sud, dans le Nunavik »[1]. Je propose également un ancien PDG de compagnie pétrolière au ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs, ou le maire d’Hérouxville à l’Immigration et aux Communautés culturelles. Le choix de Jean Charest est un affront tellement il est absurde. Remarquez, nous avons déjà eu un spécialiste de l’évasion fiscale comme ministre des Finances au fédéral.
J’ai honte.




[1] Robert DUTRISAC et Alexander SHIELDS, « Corbeil revient au Cabinet », Le Devoir, 19 décembre 2008.</description>
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				<![CDATA[ <p><P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt">Au Québec, nous nous targuons parfois d’entretenir de meilleures relations avec les nations autochtones que les autres provinces du Canada, ou que d’autres pays tels que l’Australie ou les États-Unis. Ce n’est pas sans raisons, puisqu’effectivement, des ententes telles que la CBJNQ (Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord québécois, qui n’a été vraiment respectée seulement qu’après la Paix des Braves de 2001), ou les ententes de principe conclues avec quatre communautés innus peuvent être qualifiées de progressistes en comparaison avec ce qui peut se faire ailleurs. Le premier ministre Jean Charest entend-il continuer sur cette voie avec le Plan Nord?</P>
<P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt">Comme je l’avais déjà souligné au mois d’octobre, on peut fortement en douter. Déjà, le Plan Nord a été présenté dans la campagne électorale comme une promesse faisant partie du programme libéral, malgré qu’aucune entente concernant le Plan Nord comme tel n’ait été conclue avec les représentants des Premières Nations. L’APNQL envisage une déclaration unilatérale de souveraineté sur ces territoires afin de forcer le gouvernement à négocier. Évidemment, publiciser le Plan Nord avant de négocier avec les Premières Nations semble mettre une pression indue sur le processus. Ça me rappelle les agents du gouvernement fédéral qui mettaient sous pression les « chefs » (souvent nommés sur place par l’agent lui-même qui ne voulait pas perdre son temps à chercher le véritable chef) qu’ils rencontraient sur le chemin des traités numérotés en leur affirmant que peu importe qu’ils signent ou non, des colons envahiraient leur territoire de toute façon. D’ailleurs, en parlant de chefs nommés par les agents fédéraux, Charest se défend également d’être en mauvais termes avec les Premières Nations en invoquant deux maires de communautés qui supportent son projet. Alors qui représente les Premières Nations au Québec, particulièrement celles du Nord? Des maires de communautés, ou l’APNQL? Si l’on veut négocier de nation à nation, ne doit-on pas respecter les instances représentatives que se donne l’autre partie? On pourrait presque avoir l’impression que Charest veut passer son plan, et que ceux qui sont sur son chemin n’ont qu’à coopérer, dans un esprit de fraternité et une perspective de développement durable, et d’amitié entre les peuples et bla, bla, bla, et etc.</P>
<P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt">On pourrait presque avoir cette impression… Or, surprise! Qui est nommé ministre responsable des Affaires autochtones? Pierre Corbeil, ancien ministre des Ressources naturelles, qui, après sa défaite électorale de mars 2007, a travaillé comme conseiller stratégique pour la compagnie minière Canadian Royalties, entreprise qui « mène le plus important projet minier des dernières années au Québec, d'une valeur d'un demi-milliard, soit une mine de nickel à Raglan-Sud, dans le Nunavik »<A title="" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1" href="http://www.pag-ipg.com/gestion/blog.php?action=add#_edn1" name=_ednref1><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[1]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>. Je propose également un ancien PDG de compagnie pétrolière au ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs, ou le maire d’Hérouxville à l’Immigration et aux Communautés culturelles. Le choix de Jean Charest est un affront tellement il est absurde. Remarquez, nous avons déjà eu un spécialiste de l’évasion fiscale comme ministre des Finances au fédéral.</P>
<P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt">J’ai honte.</P>
<DIV style="mso-element: endnote-list"><BR clear=all>
<HR align=left width="33%" SIZE=1>

<DIV id=edn1 style="mso-element: endnote">
<P class=MsoEndnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1" href="http://www.pag-ipg.com/gestion/blog.php?action=add#_ednref1" name=_edn1><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoEndnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">[1]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2> Robert DUTRISAC et Alexander SHIELDS, « Corbeil revient au Cabinet », <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Le Devoir</I>, 19 décembre 2008.</FONT></P></DIV></DIV></p> ]]>
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			<title>Barack Obama and the Renewal on Indigenous Peoples Recognition and Inclusion</title>
			<link>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue10_barack_obama_and_the_renewal_on_indigenous_peoples_recognition_and_inclusion.html</link>
			<comments>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue10_barack_obama_and_the_renewal_on_indigenous_peoples_recognition_and_inclusion.html#comments</comments>
			<pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0500</pubDate>
			<dc:creator></dc:creator>
			<category>Students</category>
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			<description>After Barack Obama’s victory on November the 4th, 2008, some indigenous communities, representatives and organizations, such as the National Congress of American Indians (N.C.A.I.), addressed him a transition plan. It submits the names of indigenous representatives to the elected candidate, for him to appoint within the new Administration. Two positions are of key importance, a White House adviser on indigenous issues and the Interior secretary. According to the N.C.A.I., the five issues to be prioritised by the Obama Administration are tribal sovereignty, the funding of tribal services, law enforcement, governmental parity and trust reform. This was a response to the Democratic candidate’s will, expressed during the campain, to appoint Indigenous community representatives to key staff positions in his Administration.This willingness suggests more openness from the new team on indigenous issues as compared to previous governments. Changes can thus be foreseen on the internal and international fronts, considering the ongoing influence of the U.S. governments’ decisions. For example, what would be the impact of Barack Obama’s election on the adoption by the United States of the United Nations Declaration on Indigenous Rights? If the U.S. sign the Declaration, wouldn’t it induce Canada, New-Zealand and Australia, but also the 11 abstaining States to follow suit? Moreover, without any persistent objector to the dispositions of the Decaration, would it be possible to acknowledge the customary value of some of the  document’s dispositions, notably on internal self-determination and on territorial rights ? Will the newly elected President encourage a wind of change to blow on indigenous policy at the internal and international levels? In other words, does his election represent the starting point of a new life in common, beginning with the implementation of the right to participate for indigenous peoples?Let's make two observations at the outset. First, to recall the impact that the political sphere necessarily as on the legal one. Second, to say that the optimism coming from the new election needs some support from other actors in order to be successful. What will be the other States' positions? Will Barack Obama and his Administration be able to singlehandedly transform the position of leaders such as Stephen Harper?</description>
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				<![CDATA[ <p><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">After Barack Obama’s victory on November the 4th, 2008, some indigenous communities, representatives and organizations, such as the National Congress of American Indians (N.C.A.I.), addressed him a transition plan. It submits the names of indigenous representatives to the elected candidate, for him to appoint within the new Administration. Two positions are of key importance, a White House adviser on indigenous issues and the Interior secretary. According to the N.C.A.I., the five issues to be prioritised by the Obama Administration are <SPAN class=detailstory>tribal sovereignty, the funding of tribal services, law enforcement, governmental parity and trust reform. This was a response to the Democratic candidate’s will, expressed during the campain, to appoint Indigenous community representatives to key staff positions in his Administration.<BR></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=detailstory><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">This willingness suggests more openness from the new team on indigenous issues as compared to previous governments. Changes can thus be foreseen on the internal and international fronts, considering the ongoing influence of the <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region></st1:place> governments’ decisions. For example, what would be the impact of Barack Obama’s election on the adoption by the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region> of the United Nations Declaration on Indigenous Rights? If the <st1:country-region w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region> sign the Declaration, wouldn’t it induce <st1:country-region w:st="on">Canada</st1:country-region>, New-Zealand and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Australia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, but also the 11 abstaining States to follow suit? Moreover, without any persistent objector to the dispositions of the Decaration, would it be possible to acknowledge the customary value of some of the<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>document’s dispositions, notably on internal self-determination and on territorial rights ? Will the newly elected President encourage a wind of change to blow on indigenous policy at the internal and international levels? In other words, does his election represent the starting point of a new life in common, beginning with the implementation of the right to participate for indigenous peoples?<BR>Let's make two observations at the outset. First, to recall the impact that the political sphere necessarily as on the legal one. Second, to say that the optimism coming from the new election needs some support from other actors in order to be successful. What will be the other States' positions? Will Barack Obama and his Administration be able to singlehandedly transform the position of leaders such as Stephen Harper?</SPAN></SPAN></P></p> ]]>
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			<title>L’ouverture du Nord</title>
			<link>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue9_l_ouverture_du_nord.html</link>
			<comments>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue9_l_ouverture_du_nord.html#comments</comments>
			<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 00:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
			<dc:creator></dc:creator>
			<category>Students</category>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue9_l_ouverture_du_nord.html</guid>
			<description>Cela est bien connu, il est extrêmement difficile d’aborder les revendications territoriales autochtones en termes de possession exclusive et continue d’un territoire, surtout lorsque celui-ci est conçu à la manière occidentale, c’est-à-dire comme un espace circonscrit entre des limites fixes. Cela est difficile tout d’abord parce que traditionnellement, les itinéraires employés par les différentes Premières Nations se croisaient, se chevauchaient, et n’étaient pas nécessairement considérés comme une propriété exclusive. Au Sud du Québec, la difficulté de négocier sur des revendications territoriales est amplifiée par la présence des allochtones, qui ont colonisé, modifié, habité le territoire. Les Québécois détestent qu’on leur rappelle que l’occupation et la gestion de grandes parties du territoire du Québec soit légalement discutable. Habituellement, les plus farouches opposants aux négociations territoriales avec les autochtones sont les habitants locaux. Par exemple, dans le cas des négociations avec les Innus, les protestations viennent généralement des habitants de la Côte-Nord, et non des Montréalais ou des Québécois (entendre ici les habitants de la ville). Or, ce phénomène a marqué toute l’histoire de la colonisation. Cela explique pourquoi les Premières Nations préféraient souvent traiter avec la Couronne qu’avec les colons. Aux États-Unis, ce furent les colons qui souhaitèrent l’expansion vers l’Ouest, et la délimitation d’un vaste territoire comme territoire indien par la Couronne britannique fut une des raisons qui poussèrent les États-uniens vers l’indépendance. Au Québec, là où les allochtones sont installés en grand nombre, il est difficile de négocier sur le territoire et ses ressources. Au Nord, c’est autre chose. La présence est allochtone y est relativement faible, et il est alors plus aisé pour les Cris, les Innus, les Naskapis ou les Inuit, de négocier certains droits sur le territoire défini à l’occidentale, bien que la tâche ne soit pas facile pour autant. Dans cette optique, que penser du plan Nord de Jean Charest, plan qui d’ailleurs se meut encore dans un flou artistique quant aux négociations avec les Premières Nations? Est-ce simplement un plan de développement économique? Si oui, cela revient à un plan de colonisation, puisque le développement économique n’est aucunement culturellement neutre, et amène avec lui des formes particulières d’exploitation du territoire, et des modes de vie y correspondant. Il est toutefois permis de penser que de nombreux autochtones verront d’un bon œil les perspectives de développement économique, préférant un emploi (et toute la dignité que cela apporte dans une société où la majorité valorise fortement le travail), et un certain confort matériel, à un mode de vie plus proche de la tradition. Mais à qui profiteront les retombées économiques de ce fameux et intriguant plan Nord ?Il y a au moins une bonne nouvelle, ce plan inclut la redéfinition du droit minier au Québec, qui date de Mathusalem et favorise la prospection aux dépens de la protection du territoire et de ses habitants. Mais en attendant les résultats du plan, il est permis de douter des bonnes intentions du gouvernement Charest à l’endroit des Premières Nations, le mot d’ordre étant d’abord et avant tout le développement économique :
«L'idée de base, c'est de mieux orchestrer le développement du Nord, mais c'est également de tirer profit d'une région qui a beaucoup à offrir, a expliqué un membre du gouvernement. Le premier ministre veut concentrer des efforts accrus dans cette région-là, surtout à la lumière du marché des ressources naturelles.»
 
Gilbet LAVOIE, « Charest prépare un grand coup pour le Nord », Le Soleil, 6 août 2008.</description>
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				<![CDATA[ <p><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><FONT size=2>Cela est bien connu, il est extrêmement difficile d’aborder les revendications territoriales autochtones en termes de possession exclusive et continue d’un territoire, surtout lorsque celui-ci est conçu à la manière occidentale, c’est-à-dire comme un espace circonscrit entre des limites fixes. Cela est difficile tout d’abord parce que traditionnellement, les itinéraires employés par les différentes Premières Nations se croisaient, se chevauchaient, et n’étaient pas nécessairement considérés comme une propriété exclusive. Au Sud du Québec, la difficulté de négocier sur des revendications territoriales est amplifiée par la présence des allochtones, qui ont colonisé, modifié, habité le territoire. Les Québécois détestent qu’on leur rappelle que l’occupation et la gestion de grandes parties du territoire du Québec soit légalement discutable. Habituellement, les plus farouches opposants aux négociations territoriales avec les autochtones sont les habitants locaux. Par exemple, dans le cas des négociations avec les Innus, les protestations viennent généralement des habitants de la Côte-Nord, et non des Montréalais ou des Québécois (entendre ici les habitants de la ville). <BR></FONT><FONT size=2>Or, ce phénomène a marqué toute l’histoire de la colonisation. Cela explique pourquoi les Premières Nations préféraient souvent traiter avec la Couronne qu’avec les colons. Aux États-Unis, ce furent les colons qui souhaitèrent l’expansion vers l’Ouest, et la délimitation d’un vaste territoire comme territoire indien par la Couronne britannique fut une des raisons qui poussèrent les États-uniens vers l’indépendance. <BR></FONT><FONT size=2>Au Québec, là où les allochtones sont installés en grand nombre, il est difficile de négocier sur le territoire et ses ressources. Au Nord, c’est autre chose. La présence est allochtone y est relativement faible, et il est alors plus aisé pour les Cris, les Innus, les Naskapis ou les Inuit, de négocier certains droits sur le territoire défini à l’occidentale, bien que la tâche ne soit pas facile pour autant. Dans cette optique, que penser du plan Nord de Jean Charest, plan qui d’ailleurs se meut encore dans un flou artistique quant aux négociations avec les Premières Nations? Est-ce simplement un plan de développement économique? Si oui, cela revient à un plan de colonisation, puisque le développement économique n’est aucunement culturellement neutre, et amène avec lui des formes particulières d’exploitation du territoire, et des modes de vie y correspondant. Il est toutefois permis de penser que de nombreux autochtones verront d’un bon œil les perspectives de développement économique, préférant un emploi (et toute la dignité que cela apporte dans une société où la majorité valorise fortement le travail), et un certain confort matériel, à un mode de vie plus proche de la tradition. Mais à qui profiteront les retombées économiques de ce fameux et intriguant plan Nord ?<BR></FONT><FONT size=2>Il y a au moins une bonne nouvelle, ce plan inclut la redéfinition du droit minier au Québec, qui date de Mathusalem et favorise la prospection aux dépens de la protection du territoire et de ses habitants. Mais en attendant les résultats du plan, il est permis de douter des bonnes intentions du gouvernement Charest à l’endroit des Premières Nations, le mot d’ordre étant d’abord et avant tout le développement économique :</FONT></P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%">
<P class=MsoBlockText style="MARGIN: 0cm 59.2pt 0pt 2cm" align=right><BR>«L'idée de base, c'est de mieux orchestrer le développement du Nord, mais c'est également de tirer profit d'une région qui a beaucoup à offrir, a expliqué un membre du gouvernement. Le premier ministre veut concentrer des efforts accrus dans cette région-là, surtout à la lumière du marché des ressources naturelles.»</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBlockText style="MARGIN: 0cm 59.2pt 0pt 2cm"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoBlockText style="MARGIN: 0cm 59.2pt 0pt 2cm"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%">Gilbet LAVOIE, « Charest prépare un grand coup pour le Nord », <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Le Soleil</I>, 6 août 2008.</SPAN></P></p> ]]>
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			<title>Impacts of Climate Change on Inuit People’s Rights</title>
			<link>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue8_impacts_of_climate_change_on_inuit_people_s_rights.html</link>
			<comments>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue8_impacts_of_climate_change_on_inuit_people_s_rights.html#comments</comments>
			<pubDate>Tue, 23 Sep 2008 00:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
			<dc:creator></dc:creator>
			<category>Students</category>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue8_impacts_of_climate_change_on_inuit_people_s_rights.html</guid>
			<description>I will start these few lines by quoting Sheila Watt-Cloutier (2005), Inuit representative, and Louis-Gilles Francoeur (2008), reporter for Le Devoir :
 “What is happening affects virtually every facet of Inuit life—we are a people of the land, ice, snow, and animals. Our hunting culture thrives on the cold. We need it to be cold to maintain our culture and way of life. Climate change has become the ultimate threat to Inuit culture. […] An Inuk out on the land hunting for a seal with which to feed his family observes even minute changes to the environment. In a very real sense he is the sentinel—the first line of defense against climate change. That Inuk hunter illustrates something else—climate change is a human and family issue”, (Sheila WATT-CLOUTIER, “The Climate Change Petition by the Inuit Circumpolar Conference to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights”, Montreal, 07.12.2005, http://inuitcircumpolar.com/index.php?ID=318&amp;Lang=En).
 “La fonte de la calotte polaire de l'Arctique est si phénoménale cette année que d'ici 15 jours, certains chercheurs estiment que le pôle Nord pourrait se retrouver couvert d'eau pour la première fois depuis des dizaines de milliers d'années”, (FRANCOEUR (L-G.), “Le pôle nord perd sa calotte”, Le Devoir,  30 and 31.08.2008).The Arctic Ocean is the most affected by the polar icecap melting due to global warming. During the summer of 2007, 40% of its ice surface melted and September 2008 forecasts new “records”. This Ocean plays a unique role at a global scale, by its cooling process; unfortunately it is impeded by climate change. Thus, the melting of the polar icecap reminds us that human activities damage ecosystems and that an affected ecosystem has harmful consequences on human life, our well-being and in terms of access to resources.This accelerated melting process raises several interrogations. They put into question the western lifestyle and philosophy. Specifically, they are questioning the results of western choices, priorities and scale of interests on individuals and peoples worldwide. These questions are materialized today by the emergence of territorial interests and by the escalation of States rivalries in terms of sovereignty. However, beyond this territorial problematic, which is fundamental but upsetting, other issues are raised, sensitive on human life. They are notably connected with the safeguard of Inuit people’s rights.This group represents 155 000 peoples through four States: the United-States (Alaska), Canada, Denmark (Greenland) and Russia. It therefore had a wide ancestral territory, one main component of which is the Arctic Ocean. This means that the ice melting process is a significant fact of its present history.In order to live adequately with this land and to follow its own way of life, The Inuit people has the right to fish and to hunt moose, polar bears and seals, within certain limits and quotas. Nevertheless, in an article published in August of 2008 relating the conversation between an Inuit member living in the North of Canada and a reporter, we could read the following : “The villagers also have an annual quota to hunt 28 polar bears, which they sell for their hides, "but we have not filled our quota in the past years. Fewer bears are showing up."”. This statement addresses the issue of the effectiveness of those ancestral rights already recognized to Inuit people in order for them to hunt and fish. These rights are fast becoming obsolete with the disappearance of the resources. Indeed, how could Inuit people implement these rights if the resources are missing? Moreover, Inuit people are facing insecurity through the melting of ice, making the access to the Ocean and its resources uncertain and dangerous. Furthermore, will the autonomy recognized to Inuit people by Canada and Denmark one day be affected by the impacts of climate change? Finally, climate change and pollution affect Inuit women, most of all. They currently have the most blood toxins in the world. Consequently, we can wonder if the rights to health and to a worthy life are amputated.Climate change restrains the recognition of ancestral and human rights of Inuit People (especially the right to a healthy environment, the right to life, to health, the principals of human security and the access to food). However, this correlation is not legally acknowledged and efficient. Relating to this concern, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights had set aside the petition of the Inuit Circumpolar Council claiming the violation of human rights by climate change and pollution by greenhouse effects. The United Nations Human Rights Council has recently recognized through the “Human Rights and Climate Change” recommendation, adopted in March 2008, that: “climate change poses an immediate and far-reaching threat to people and communities around the world and has implications for the full enjoyment of human rights”. However, when will the law be adapted efficiently to that new reality?

 
More information:
-HADDAD (R.), « Meltdown in the Arctic: Polar icecap shrinking at an alarming rate », 28.08.2008
-Human Rights Council, Recommendation A/HRC/7/L.21/Rev.1, « Promotion and Protection of all Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development », 26.03.2008
-The U.N. Environment Program and The Global Environment Outlook : www.unep.org

-The U.N. Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues – 7th Session : 
www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/fr/session_seventh.html#fs

-Petition to the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights by The Inuit Circumpolar Council: http://inuitcircumpolar.com/files/uploads/icc-files/FINALPetitionICC.pdf
-Paul Crowley’s position on that petition: www.amnistie.ca/content/view/11563/420/

-The C.I.S.D.L. Arctic Law Project : www.cisdl.org/arctic/index.htm

Upcoming colloquy :
-Arctic Change 2008, 09-12.12.2008, Quebec : www.arctic-change2008.com/index.php?url=21010

- 4th International Polar Year : www.annee-polaire.fr/api
-Arctic sea ice news : http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/index.html</description>
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				<![CDATA[ <p><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">I will start these few lines by quoting Sheila Watt-Cloutier (2005), Inuit representative, and </SPAN>Louis-Gilles Francoeur (2008), reporter for Le Devoir :</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p> <BR></o:p><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">“What is happening affects virtually every facet of Inuit life—we are a people of the land, ice, snow, and animals. Our hunting culture thrives on the cold. We need it to be cold to maintain our culture and way of life. Climate change has become the ultimate threat to Inuit culture. […] <SPAN style="COLOR: black">An Inuk out on the land hunting for a seal with which to feed his family observes even minute changes to the environment. In a very real sense he is the sentinel—the first line of defense against climate change. That Inuk hunter illustrates something else—climate change is a human and family issue”, (</SPAN><EM>Sheila WATT-CLOUTIER, “</EM><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">The Climate Change Petition by the Inuit Circumpolar Conference to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights”</SPAN></STRONG></SPAN><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">, </SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Montreal, 07.12</SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">.2005, <A href="http://inuitcircumpolar.com/index.php?ID=318&Lang=En"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT color=#3333cc>http://inuitcircumpolar.com/index.php?ID=318&Lang=En</FONT></SPAN></A>).</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><o:p> <BR></o:p></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">“</SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR">La fonte de la calotte polaire de l'Arctique est si phénoménale cette année que d'ici 15 jours, certains chercheurs estiment que le pôle Nord pourrait se retrouver couvert d'eau pour la première fois depuis des dizaines de milliers d'années</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">”,</SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR"> (FRANCOEUR (L-G.), </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">“</SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR">Le pôle nord perd sa calotte</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">”</SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR">, Le Devoir,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN>30 and 31.08.2008).</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR"><BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><BR>The <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:place w:st="on">Arctic Ocean</st1:place> is the most affected by the polar icecap melting due to global warming. During the summer of 2007, 40% of its ice surface melted and September 2008 forecasts new “records”. This Ocean plays a unique role at a global scale, by its cooling process; unfortunately it is impeded by climate change. Thus, the melting of the polar icecap reminds us that human activities damage ecosystems and that an affected ecosystem has harmful consequences on human life, our well-being and in terms of access to resources.<BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">This accelerated melting process raises several interrogations. They put into question the western lifestyle and philosophy. Specifically, they are questioning the results of western choices, priorities and scale of interests on individuals and peoples worldwide. These questions are materialized today by the emergence of territorial interests and by the escalation of States rivalries in terms of sovereignty. <BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">However, beyond this territorial problematic, which is fundamental but upsetting, other issues are raised, sensitive on human life. They are notably connected with the safeguard of Inuit people’s rights.<BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">This group represents 155 000 peoples through four States: the United-States (<st1:State w:st="on">Alaska</st1:State>), <st1:country-region w:st="on">Canada</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Denmark</st1:country-region> (Greenland) and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Russia</st1:place></st1:country-region>. It therefore had a wide ancestral territory, one main component of which is the <st1:place w:st="on">Arctic Ocean</st1:place>. This means that the ice melting process is a significant fact of its present history.<BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">In order to live adequately with this land and to follow its own way of life, The Inuit people has the right to fish and to hunt moose, polar bears and seals, within certain limits and quotas. <BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Nevertheless, in an article published in August of 2008 relating the conversation between an Inuit member living in the North of Canada and a reporter, we could read the following : </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">“</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The villagers also have an annual quota to hunt 28 polar bears, which they sell for their hides, "but we have not filled our quota in the past years. Fewer bears are showing up."</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">. This statement addresses the issue of the effectiveness of those ancestral rights already recognized to Inuit people in order for them to hunt and fish. These rights are fast becoming obsolete with the disappearance of the resources. Indeed, how could Inuit people implement these rights if the resources are missing? Moreover, Inuit people are facing insecurity through the melting of ice, making the access to the Ocean and its resources uncertain and dangerous. Furthermore, will the autonomy recognized to Inuit people by <st1:country-region w:st="on">Canada</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Denmark</st1:place></st1:country-region> one day be affected by the impacts of climate change? Finally, climate change and pollution affect Inuit women, most of all. They currently have the most blood toxins in the world. Consequently, we can wonder if the rights to health and to a worthy life are amputated.<BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Climate change restrains the recognition of ancestral and human rights of Inuit People (especially the right to a healthy environment, the right to life, to health, the principals of human security and the access to food). However, this correlation is not legally acknowledged and efficient. Relating to this concern, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights had set aside the petition of the Inuit Circumpolar Council claiming the violation of human rights by climate change and pollution by greenhouse effects. The United Nations Human Rights Council has recently recognized through the </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">“</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Human Rights and Climate Change</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> recommendation, adopted in March 2008, that: </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">“</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">climate change poses an immediate and far-reaching threat to people and communities around the world and has implications for the full enjoyment of human rights</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. However, when will the law be adapted efficiently to that new reality?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><U><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"></SPAN></U> </P><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT size=3>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">More information:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">-HADDAD (R.), « <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><A href="http://www.macroworldinvestor.com/m/m.w?lp=GetStory&id=319421441">Meltdown in the Arctic: Polar icecap shrinking at an alarming rate</A></I> », 28.08.2008</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">-Human Rights Council, Recommendation </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">A/HRC/7/L.21/Rev.1, « <A href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G08/121/52/PDF/G0812152.pdf?OpenElement">Promotion and Protection of all Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development</A> », 26.03.2008</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">-The U.N. Environment Program and </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The Global Environment Outlook : <A href="http://www.unep.org/"><FONT color=#3333cc>www.unep.org</FONT></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">-The U.N. Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues – 7th Session : <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><A href="http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/fr/session_seventh.html#fs"><FONT color=#3333cc>www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/fr/session_seventh.html#fs</FONT></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">-Petition to the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights by The Inuit Circumpolar Council: <STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><A href="http://inuitcircumpolar.com/files/uploads/icc-files/FINALPetitionICC.pdf"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT color=#3333cc>http://inuitcircumpolar.com/files/uploads/icc-files/FINALPetitionICC.pdf</FONT></SPAN></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">-Paul Crowley’s position on that petition: <A href="http://www.amnistie.ca/content/view/11563/420/">www.amnistie.ca/content/view/11563/420/</A></SPAN></STRONG></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">-The C.I.S.D.L. Arctic Law Project : <A href="http://www.cisdl.org/arctic/index.htm">www.cisdl.org/arctic/index.htm</A><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><BR>Upcoming colloquy :<o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">-Arctic Change 2008</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">, 09-12.12.2008, Quebec : <A href="http://www.arctic-change2008.com/index.php?url=21010"><FONT color=#3333cc>www.arctic-change2008.com/index.php?url=21010</FONT></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">- 4<SUP>th</SUP> International Polar Year : <A href="http://www.annee-polaire.fr/api"><FONT color=#3333cc>www.annee-polaire.fr/api</FONT></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">-Arctic sea ice news : <A href="http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/index.html"><FONT color=#3333cc>http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/index.html</FONT></A></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></SPAN></p> ]]>
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			<title>The Unites Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, one year later</title>
			<link>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue7_the_unites_nations_declaration_on_the_rights_of_indigenous_peoples_one_year_later.html</link>
			<comments>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue7_the_unites_nations_declaration_on_the_rights_of_indigenous_peoples_one_year_later.html#comments</comments>
			<pubDate>Fri, 05 Sep 2008 00:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
			<dc:creator></dc:creator>
			<category>Students</category>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue7_the_unites_nations_declaration_on_the_rights_of_indigenous_peoples_one_year_later.html</guid>
			<description>Through these few paragraphs, I would like to open the debate on the first year after the adoption of the Declaration and have a productive exchange with all of you at the starting point of this new academic year. This considering arises from one main questioning, which is: where are we now, after the enactment of the Declaration?On Thursday September the 13, 2007 and after more than 20 years of negotiation, the Resolution 61/295, better known under the heading United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, was adopted by the General Assembly of the U.N. and by 144 States. This recommendation is a “soft law” document. It means that its legal and obligatory strengths are limited. It has a political binding nature but not a legal one. However, it establishes an international framework of minimal norms in terms of indigenous peoples’ Rights. Beside, it corroborates certain norms already integrated to the international legal order, either by the International Labour Organisation’s Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, adopted in 1989, or by the International Covenants adopted in 1966 by the U.N. to protect civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights. Therefore, the Declaration could emphasize the existence of a process of crystallization and could convey emerging customary norms. This document is innovative too, because it recognizes, in an extended way, collective rights as well as individual rights. It consecrates also the right to self-determination to indigenous peoples and set the duty to consult internationally.Without coming back in detail on the content of that already known document, I would rather outline a retrospective of the memorable events of this year. We remember that 11 States had refrained from voting for the Declaration and 4 States had voted against, the United-States, Australia, New-Zealand and Canada.However, at the end of the year 2007, a Labour Government has been elected in Australia, better conscious of indigenous issues. It has asserted that it will sign the Declaration. This commitment has been reiterated on April the 24, 2008, by Bernie Yates, Deputy Secretary to the Indigenous affairs in the new Australian Government ; that is during the 2008 meeting of the U.N. Permanent Forum on indigenous Issues.Moreover, the Canadian House of Commons adopted, on April the 08, 2008, a motion in favor of the Declaration’s adoption. Furthermore, two States which had already adopted the document, decided to implement it in their domestic legal order. I am talking about Bolivia and Equator. Finally, several specialized institutions of the U.N., like U.N.E.S.C.O., as well as Ban Ki-moon, the General Secretary of the Organization, have claimed their support to the enforcement of the document, in order to change it into “living instrument”. This was during the 7th session of the U.N. Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues too, which demonstrate that it was definitely a fundamental meeting.Nonetheless, despite the promises and statements, the impacts of the adoption are still unclear. The United States and New-Zealand are sticking to their former position and are always opposed to sign the Declaration, complaining for the recognition of the right to self-determination to indigenous peoples and of the duty to consult. Although Australia and Canada have undertaken significant steps, they did not have signed the document yet. In addition to that, we keep in mind that they did not have either ratified the I.L.O.’s Convention.Thus, several issues remain dangling. First, do these States authorities willing to reserve the issue of indigenous rights to the domestic legal system, in order to preserve for themselves a wider scope of action? Second, what should be the favored approach if we want these States to modify their former position? How indigenous and non-indigenous actors should involve themselves in order to overthrow the existing tendency? Do the pressures and claims by N.G.Os and indigenous representatives efficient? How should we proceed to awake the political consciences of our countries, presently shapeless and self-obsessed, in order for the majority to take position on a reformulated living together acceptable for everyone?

More information about the Declaration:
The text of the Declaration: 
http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/512/07/PDF/N0651207.pdf?OpenElement
The Indigenous World 2008 p. 526: www.iwgia.org/graphics/Synkron-Library/Documents/publications/Downloadpublications/IndigenousWorld/IW%202008/THE%20INDIGENOUS%20WORLD-2008.pdf
On the process of adoption and the legal status of the Declaration: http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/galdu_4_07_eng_web.pdf
Statement of Bernie Yates 24.04.08, Indigenous affairs in Australia: 
www.docip.org/gsdl/collect/cendocdo/index/assoc/HASH77f0.dir/PF08bernie087.pdf#search="Bernie YATES"
Canadien House of Commons’ motion:http://www.un.org/french/Depts/dpa/news.asp?NewsID=16358&amp;Cr=Canada&amp;Cr1=autochtones</description>
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				<![CDATA[ <p><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Through these few paragraphs, I would like to open the debate on the first year after the adoption of the Declaration and have a productive exchange with all of you at the starting point of this new academic year. This considering arises from one main questioning, which is: where are we now, after the enactment of the Declaration?<BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">On Thursday September the 13, 2007 and after more than 20 years of negotiation, the Resolution 61/295, better known under the heading United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, was adopted by the General Assembly of the U.N. and by 144 States. <BR>T</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">his recommendation is a “<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">soft law</I>” document. It means that its legal and obligatory strengths are limited. It has a political binding nature but not a legal one. However, it establishes an international framework of minimal norms in terms of indigenous peoples’ Rights. Beside, it corroborates certain norms already integrated to the international legal order, either by the International Labour Organisation’s Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, adopted in 1989, or by the International Covenants adopted in 1966 by the U.N. to protect civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights. Therefore, the Declaration could emphasize the existence of a process of crystallization and could convey emerging customary norms. This document is innovative too, because it recognizes, in an extended way, collective rights as well as individual rights. It consecrates also the right to self-determination to indigenous peoples and set the duty to consult internationally.<BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Without coming back in detail on the content of that already known document, I would rather outline a retrospective of the memorable events of this year. We remember that 11 States had refrained from voting for the Declaration and 4 States had voted against, the United-States, <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:country-region w:st="on">Australia</st1:country-region>, New-Zealand and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">However, at the end of the year <st1:metricconverter w:st="on" ProductID="2007, a">2007, a</st1:metricconverter> Labour Government has been elected in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Australia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, better conscious of indigenous issues. It has asserted that it will sign the Declaration. This commitment has been reiterated on April the 24, 2008, by Bernie Yates, Deputy Secretary to the Indigenous affairs in the new Australian Government ; that is during the 2008 meeting of the U.N. Permanent Forum on indigenous Issues.<BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Moreover, the Canadian House of Commons adopted, on April the 08, <st1:metricconverter w:st="on" ProductID="2008, a">2008, a</st1:metricconverter> motion in favor of the Declaration’s adoption. <BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Furthermore, two States which had already adopted the document, decided to implement it in their domestic legal order. I am talking about <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Bolivia</st1:country-region></st1:place> and Equator. <BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Finally, several specialized institutions of the U.N., like U.N.E.S.C.O., as well as Ban Ki-moon, the General Secretary of the Organization, have claimed their support to the enforcement of the document, in order to change it into “living instrument”. This was during the 7<SUP>th</SUP> session of the U.N. Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues too, which demonstrate that it was definitely a fundamental meeting.<BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Nonetheless, despite the promises and statements, the impacts of the adoption are still unclear. The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place> and New-Zealand are sticking to their former position and are always opposed to sign the Declaration, complaining for the recognition of the right to self-determination to indigenous peoples and of the duty to consult. Although <st1:country-region w:st="on">Australia</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region> have undertaken significant steps, they did not have signed the document yet. In addition to that, we keep in mind that they did not have either ratified the I.L.O.’s Convention.<BR></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Thus, several issues remain dangling. First, do these States authorities willing to reserve the issue of indigenous rights to the domestic legal system, in order to preserve for themselves a wider scope of action? Second, what should be the favored approach if we want these States to modify their former position? How indigenous and non-indigenous actors should involve themselves in order to overthrow the existing tendency? Do the pressures and claims by N.G.Os and indigenous representatives efficient? How should we proceed to awake the political consciences of our countries, presently shapeless and self-obsessed, in order for the majority to take position on a reformulated living together acceptable for everyone?<BR><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><U><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">More information about the Declaration:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></U></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The text of the Declaration: <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><A href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/512/07/PDF/N0651207.pdf?OpenElement">http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/512/07/PDF/N0651207.pdf?OpenElement</A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Indigenous World 2008</I> p. 526: <A href="http://www.iwgia.org/graphics/Synkron-Library/Documents/publications/Downloadpublications/IndigenousWorld/IW%202008/THE%20INDIGENOUS%20WORLD-2008.pdf">www.iwgia.org/graphics/Synkron-Library/Documents/publications/Downloadpublications/IndigenousWorld/IW%202008/THE%20INDIGENOUS%20WORLD-2008.pdf</A></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">On the process of adoption and the legal status of the Declaration</SPAN>: <A href="http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/galdu_4_07_eng_web.pdf">http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/galdu_4_07_eng_web.pdf</A></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Statement of Bernie Yates</SPAN> 24.04.08, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Indigenous affairs in Australia</I>: </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A href='www.docip.org/gsdl/collect/cendocdo/index/assoc/HASH77f0.dir/PF08bernie087.pdf#search="Bernie YATES"'>www.docip.org/gsdl/collect/cendocdo/index/assoc/HASH77f0.dir/PF08bernie087.pdf#search="Bernie YATES"</A></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Canadien House of Commons’ motion:</P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><A href="http://www.un.org/french/Depts/dpa/news.asp?NewsID=16358&Cr=Canada&Cr1=autochtones">http://www.un.org/french/Depts/dpa/news.asp?NewsID=16358&Cr=Canada&Cr1=autochtones</A></SPAN></p> ]]>
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			<title>Indigenous Demography, census and political power</title>
			<link>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue5_indigenous_demography_census_and_political_power.html</link>
			<comments>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue5_indigenous_demography_census_and_political_power.html#comments</comments>
			<pubDate>Fri, 29 Feb 2008 00:00:00 -0500</pubDate>
			<dc:creator></dc:creator>
			<category>Students</category>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue5_indigenous_demography_census_and_political_power.html</guid>
			<description> [French version only (http://www.pag-ipg.com/fr/blogue_5__.html)] </description>
			<content:encoded>
				<![CDATA[ <p><a href="http://www.pag-ipg.com/fr/blogue_5__.html">French version only</a></p> ]]>
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			<title>Which models of governance ?</title>
			<link>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue3_which_models_of_governance_.html</link>
			<comments>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue3_which_models_of_governance_.html#comments</comments>
			<pubDate>Tue, 22 Jan 2008 00:00:00 -0500</pubDate>
			<dc:creator></dc:creator>
			<category>Indigenous Peoples</category>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue3_which_models_of_governance_.html</guid>
			<description>From an intellectual standpoint, any investigation into the conditions of indigenous governmental autonomy requires a simultaneous extension of our concept of governance and, from an analytical standpoint, the definition of dimensions likely to delimit a comparison of governance models and the modalities of interaction between orders of governance. During the last century, as we have witnessed, the definition of indigenous governance was largely framed in the restrictive terms of a completely specific "indigenous law", the parameters of which have been laid out in our preceding discussion. The structures of indigenous governance were widely imposed within the framework of a relationship postulating, and simultaneously imposing, the dependency of indigenous peoples. The relational dimensions (economic, social or political) of such governance were thereby defined unilaterally by canadian political and legal authorities.

This model of governance still widely characterizes relations between the orders of indigenous and non-indigenous governance. Yet, it is the legitimacy and the viability of this model that are essentially disputed today, both community-wide and from a national and international standpoint. This argument has widely favoured a turnover of the meaning of what the activities of governance include and implies a reversal of the ties between the relational and legal dimensions of such governance.

This perspective turnover has spurred a new reflection on the conditions for surpassing the stumbling blocks encountered until now by the expression and materialization of governmental autonomy. The fundamental question consequently takes the following form: What are the foundations and possible forms of contemporary indigenous governance? This primary question inevitably leads to another: What forms of interaction may be established between forms of indigenous and non-indigenous governance? It is immediately implied that several models of governance and interaction may be envisaged depending on the perspective that is chosen…
</description>
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				<![CDATA[ <p>From an intellectual standpoint, any investigation into the conditions of indigenous governmental autonomy requires a simultaneous extension of our concept of governance and, from an analytical standpoint, the definition of dimensions likely to delimit a comparison of governance models and the modalities of interaction between orders of governance. During the last century, as we have witnessed, the definition of indigenous governance was largely framed in the restrictive terms of a completely specific "indigenous law", the parameters of which have been laid out in our preceding discussion. The structures of indigenous governance were widely imposed within the framework of a relationship postulating, and simultaneously imposing, the dependency of indigenous peoples. The relational dimensions (economic, social or political) of such governance were thereby defined unilaterally by canadian political and legal authorities.<br><br>This model of governance still widely characterizes relations between the orders of indigenous and non-indigenous governance. Yet, it is the legitimacy and the viability of this model that are essentially disputed today, both community-wide and from a national and international standpoint. This argument has widely favoured a turnover of the meaning of what the activities of governance include and implies a reversal of the ties between the relational and legal dimensions of such governance.<br><br>This perspective turnover has spurred a new reflection on the conditions for surpassing the stumbling blocks encountered until now by the expression and materialization of governmental autonomy. The fundamental question consequently takes the following form: <span style="font-style: italic;">What are the foundations and possible forms of contemporary indigenous governance?</span> This primary question inevitably leads to another: <span style="font-style: italic;">What forms of interaction may be established between forms of indigenous and non-indigenous governance?</span> It is immediately implied that several models of governance and interaction may be envisaged depending on the perspective that is chosen…<br></p> ]]>
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			<title>The Trap of Existing Legal and Political Terms of Reference</title>
			<link>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue2_the_trap_of_existing_legal_and_political_terms_of_reference.html</link>
			<comments>http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue2_the_trap_of_existing_legal_and_political_terms_of_reference.html#comments</comments>
			<pubDate>Tue, 15 Jan 2008 00:00:00 -0500</pubDate>
			<dc:creator></dc:creator>
			<category>Indigenous Peoples</category>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pag-ipg.com/en/blogue2_the_trap_of_existing_legal_and_political_terms_of_reference.html</guid>
			<description>The principle of Aboriginal self-government is fraught with numerous difficulties. These include the trap of using existing legal and political terms of reference. In response to the restrictions imposed by legal discourse, and more specifically the use of the classic terms of reference put forward by Western law (public or private), any reflection on Aboriginal self-government means going beyond the terms that currently form the basis of relations between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal. New terms of reference must be defined. It must be recognized that the use of concepts such as sovereignty, community or territory hide significant differences depending on whether they are used in an Aboriginal or non-Aboriginal context. Similarly, it is the use of band and reserve that leads to the definition of “off-reserve” status”. It is recognition of “Indian” status that sets the framework for recognition of “Métis” status. What is more, it is the ideological foundations of these categories that pose a problem. Premises implicit to Western law and legal positivism (often based on the concept of individual rights) are often at odds with the representations that form the basis for the legitimacy of future Aboriginal government (partly based on the concept of collective rights). What should be done, what new terms of reference should be defined, and how should terms of reference from the different traditions of Aboriginal law be used to create a new frame of reference? </description>
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				<![CDATA[ <p>The principle of Aboriginal self-government is fraught with numerous difficulties. These include the trap of using existing legal and political terms of reference. In response to the restrictions imposed by legal discourse, and more specifically the use of the classic terms of reference put forward by Western law (public or private), any reflection on Aboriginal self-government means going beyond the terms that currently form the basis of relations between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal. New terms of reference must be defined. It must be recognized that the use of concepts such as <i>sovereignty</i>, <i>community</i> or <i>territory</i> hide significant differences depending on whether they are used in an Aboriginal or non-Aboriginal context. Similarly, it is the use of <i>band</i> and <i>reserve</i> that leads to the definition of “off-reserve” status”. It is recognition of “Indian” status that sets the framework for recognition of “Métis” status. What is more, it is the ideological foundations of these categories that pose a problem. Premises implicit to Western law and legal positivism (often based on the concept of individual rights) are often at odds with the representations that form the basis for the legitimacy of future Aboriginal government (partly based on the concept of collective rights). What should be done, what new terms of reference should be defined, and how should terms of reference from the different traditions of Aboriginal law be used to create a new frame of reference? <div style="position: absolute; width: 28px; height: 28px; z-index: 1000; display: none;"></div><img style="position: absolute; width: 35px; height: 29px; z-index: 1000; display: none;" src="chrome://piclens/content/launch.png"></p> ]]>
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